THE ROLES OF OTHER HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
Nursing
Ontario nursing is a profession comprised of 2 categories, namely Registered Nurse (RN) and Registered Practical Nurse (RPN). Both are accountable for their own decisions and actions and for maintaining their competence. However, the foundational knowledge base of RNs and RPNs is different therefore they are educated separately. Although Personal Support Workers (PSW) may be referred to as "nurses" or being in the nursing profession, they are currently NOT regulated under the College of Nurses of Ontario. In fact, the regulation of PSWs is currently a matter of debate.
Practical Nurse (PN)
Following a 2 year Diploma program, typically at a community college, graduates are eligible to write the Registered Practical Nurse Examination in Ontario. Successful completion will be rewarded by an RPN designation. RPNs work in many settings including, health centres, long term care, hospitals, schools and community services (e.g. Home Care). RPNs can independently meet identified care needs of less complex clients who are expected to have predictable outcomes. The care provided by this group of nursing professionals is focused on meeting immediate client needs using a nursing process or theory. They are trained to identify or recognize if an abnormal or unusual client response is witnessed in which case the appropriate health care professional would be consulted. RPNs may be involved in providing care for highly complex clients in collaboration with an RN who directs the care.
Registered Nurse (RN)
Only 4 year Degree programs are currently available; some of which are collaborative college/university programs providing the first 2 years in a college environment (e.g. Fanshawe College) and the final 2 years at a university (e.g. Western). There are a broader range of career opportunities for RNs as well as the possibility of graduate or post-graduate study. Most provinces require a baccalaureate in nursing (BN or BScN) to enter the profession. RNs are trained to meet a wide range of care needs of clients regardless of complexity and predictability. They are expected to analyze and synthesize a wide range of information. RNs performs holistic assessments of clients to identify the complexity and to establish a plan of care. They interpret, analyze and solve problems related to patient care. The RN evaluates overall client outcomes and acts as the coordinator of care for complex clients.
Nurse Practitioner (NP)
A Nurse Practitioner is an advanced practice nurse who is focused on providing services to manage the health needs of individuals, families, groups and communities. This designation requires the completion of a graduate degree (Masters). Their role complements rather than replaces other health care providers. NPs diagnose and treat disease as well as having the ability to prescribe medications. They work autonomously by initiating the care process and monitoring health outcomes. Provincial and Territorial nursing regulatory bodies are responsible for the regulation of RPNs, RNs and NPs (see CNO). RNs who demonstrate competencies for NP practice and meet regulatory requirements may use the NP title (following attainment of a Masters Degree in Nursing).
Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)
A Registered Nurse who holds a Master’s degree or Doctoral degree in Nursing (i.e. NP) with expertise in a clinical nursing specialty is deemed a Clinical Nurse Specialist. This is an advanced nursing practice role in which the CNS assists in providing solutions for complex health care issues at all levels – with patients, families, other disciplines, administrators, and policy-makers. A CNS provides clinical leadership by acting as a resource, facilitator, coordinator, role model and advocate for others. The NP component integrates into the CNS practice elements such as diagnosing and treating health problems and prescribing drugs
Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT)
In order to qualify to be a Registered Respiratory Therapist, candidates must first complete either a 3 year College or institute of technology program or a 4 year University degree. National registration exams are provided by Canadian Board for Respiratory Care. Successful candidates earn an RRT credential. RRTs assist with the diagnosis and treatment of lung disorders, maintain open airways in trauma, intensive care, and surgery, assist in CPR and supportive care, assist in high risk births, stabilize high risk patients in an air or ground ambulance and assist anesthesiologists in the OR. RRTs also administer inhaled drugs (e.g. Advair for COPD) and medical gases (e.g. oxygen for emphysema) and conduct tests to measure lung function for patients suffering from lung diseases. Many RRTs work in a hospital environment (e.g. neonatal, OR, ICU, ER and general medicine) or Home Care.
Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT)
MLTs work in hospitals and private labs. College diploma programs are typically 3 years in length. MLTs work independently but are an essential part of the Health Care team. MLTs conduct sophisticated lab tests to help diagnose and treat disease. There are thousands of different tests that MLTs may be expected to perform with the help of modern technology. Examples of tests that may be performed by a MLT are listed by category below.
Clinical Chemistry - e.g. Tests blood and body fluids to detect chemicals, hormones and/or drugs; Tests blood glucose (sugar test) to diagnose and monitor diabetes
Clinical Microbiology - e.g. Tests blood, body fluid and/or tissue samples to detect bacteria, fungi, viruses &/or parasites; Throat swab test to detect strep throat
Hematology - e.g. Tests to measure blood cells and to detect disease and/or disorders of the blood; Hemoglobin test to detect anemia
Transfusion Science - e.g. Blood typing and blood compatibility tests; Cross-matches blood for blood transfusions
Histology -e.g. Prepare sample tissues for tests to detect disease; Biopsies of breast lumps
Diagnostic Cytology - e.g. Tests on cells taken from the body to detect cancer; Pap test to detect cervical cancer
Clinical Genetics - e.g. Chromosomes, DNA and RNA from cells of body fluids and tissues, to diagnose genetic diseases; Amniocentesis - aids in diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, genetic defects (diseases/disorders), sex (for sex-linked defects) and assess lung maturity
Physiotherapists (PT)
Physiotherapists must first attain an undergraduate degree at a University before applying to the Master’s Degree program. PTs help patients to achieve their highest level of physical functioning by providing personalized treatment plan needs (e.g. using SOAP notes). Specialties include Acupuncture, Cardiorespiratory, Gerontology, Neurosciences, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Leadership, Research, Sport Physiotherapy and Women’s Health as examples. Physiotherapy involves assessment of movement, strength, endurance and other physical abilities/capabilities, the impact of an injury or disability on physical functioning and the patient's physical preparation for return to work and sports. Physiotherapists provide program planning and education to restore movement and reduce pain as well as individualized treatment of an injury or disability based on scientific knowledge, a thorough assessment of the condition, environmental factors, and lifestyle of the patient.
Occupational Therapist (OT)
Occupational Therapists enable people to lead productive, independent and satisfying lives by assisting in self-care (e.g. providing aids for patients to perform Activities of Daily living - dressing, eating, shopping, etc.). OTs plan and provide activities for patients to practice with the goal of being able to work or enjoy free time as best as possible. OTs require a University undergraduate and a Master’s Degree. They must complete thousands of hours of supervised fieldwork and then pass a certification examination. OTs are Registered with the provincial regulatory body. They may work in a variety of settings including hospitals, rehabilitation centres, nursing home and mental health centres. OTs assess: Physical abilities (e.g. strength, coordination, balance), Mental abilities (e.g. memory, organization and coping skills), Support available at home, and the Physical set-up of the patient's home, work, and/or school. They determine specific ways to improve patient abilities and teach new ways of doing things (e.g. dressing or cooking) or ways to improve memory. OTs engage patients in activities to help maintain or improve abilities, strength or confidence and suggest ways of adapting material or equipment for use (e.g. toilet or bath seats)
OTA - PTA
Community and private colleges offer Occupational Therapy Assistant programs often combined with a Physical Therapy Assistant program. College programs may instead be called Rehabilitative Assistant. OTA-PTA graduates assist the PT or OT who delegate tasks.
Medical Radiation Technology
Members of the Medical Radiation Technology profession work under supervision of a Radiologist who is a medical doctor with a specialty in radiology. There are four specialties in this field. Namely, Radiological (X-ray) Technologists, Radiation Therapists, Nuclear Medicine Technologists and Magnetic Resonance Technologists.
Radiological Technologist
Radiological Technologists must complete a 3 year College or Institute of Technology diploma program. Further completion of a certification examination will allow the use of the title RTR (Registered Technologist, Radiological Technology). RTRs comprise approximately 80% of 10,000 members of Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists. Practice involves a broad variety of procedures/specialties including plain film radiological technology (X-rays), Mammography, Angiography, Fluoroscopy (real time images that show movement), and Computerized tomography (CT scans showing detailed cross-sectional images of the body). RTRs produce images of a body part or system using equipment that emit x-rays, explain procedure to patients, answer questions as fully as possible, provide emotional support, position patients and equipment correctly, ensure protection from radiation and monitor patients during procedures. RTRs also assist the Radiologist with angiographs/procedures and operating the radiological equipment. They are responsible for the quality of the X-ray images and for providing the correct view of specific body structures or systems. Some procedures require that barium and/or a dye called contrast medium be given to patients to highlight organs and structures not otherwise able to be seen. [Radiologist studies the images and dispenses advice that helps the treating physician make a diagnosis and prescribe an appropriate course of treatment]
Radiation Therapists
Radiation Therapists must complete a 3 year full time diploma/degree program following at least 1 full year of University education (i.e. it is a 2nd year entry program). Successful completion of certification gleans the designation Registered Radiation Therapist (RRT). RRTs are members of the cancer treatment team. More than half of all cancer patients receive radiation treatments which may be given in addition to other forms of treatment (e.g. chemotherapy). RRTs use focused beams of radiation to destroy tumours while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. Treatment may involve placing radioactive sources directly in the patient’s body. Radiation for cancer treatment purposes involves exposure to higher doses of radiation than diagnostic imaging.
Nuclear Medicine Technologist
Nuclear Medicine Technologists must also complete a 3 year diploma program following at least 1 year of University (i.e. it is a 2nd year entry program). Completion of the program allows graduates to write a certification exam and use the designation of RTNM. RTNMs use Radioactive drugs (Tracers) that concentrate in specific organs when introduced into the bloodstream. The Tracer emits radiation and a special detector (gamma camera) collects the data. A computer then processes that data and produces images of the organ from different angles. Cross sectional images Images appear on a monitor, as a photograph or a computer printout. RTNMs carry out diagnostic imaging and some treatment procedures. The images produced help pinpoint the nature of a disease and how it is affecting the body. For example evaluating coronary disease, studying how the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys and other organs are functioning, determining the location of tumours, monitoring the progression of cancer and the results of cancer treatments, and diagnosing hormonal disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Technologist
Magnetic Resonance Technology is a 2 -year post graduate program delivered in different formats (e.g. college, private institution, co-op). Registration as an Imaging Technologist is required for admission to the program. Successful completion of the certification exam permits use of “RTMR” designation. The RTMR uses magnetism, radio waves and computers to acquire images. The images (Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines) are used for such purposes as studying the cardiovascular system, detecting tumours (esp. in the brain and spinal column), studying body chemistry and functions, and imaging soft tissues (e.g. muscles, tendons or arteries). MRIs do not involve the use of ionizing radiation therefore no radiation protection is required. However, patients must remove any metal objects which could be drawn to the powerful magnet in the machine. Patients with pacemakers (metallic implants) cannot undergo magnetic resonance scans due to possible damage to device. A major problem for patients due to the confines of the machine and the sometimes lengthy time involved is Claustrophobia. RTMRs are trained to help patients deal with this problem.
Dietitian versus Nutritionist
Dietitians and Nutritionists both possess an in-depth knowledge of food and human nutrition. They also possess the knowledge, skills and judgment to integrate, translate and apply the knowledge of food, nutrition, social sciences and management theory. Both groups of individuals may create strategies to enable clients to achieve their food and nutrition related goals. However, a Dietitian is a member of a regulated profession whereas a Nutritionist is not.
Registered Dietitian (RD)
Both the title of “Professional Dietitian” and “Dietitian” are protected by provincial legislation. Candidates must first attain a Bachelor’s degree in Food and Nutrition. Many Dietitians choose to pursue further education by earning a Master’s Degree. Registered Dietitians are accountable for their conduct and the care provided whereas the term “Nutritionist” is NOT protected by law in all provinces. Typically Dietitians working in a hospital or health care institution will have a job title that uses the term “Dietitian.” Dietitians manage and ensure the quality of food service in health institutions, provide information that allows decisions to be made on the dietetic services at the institution, and develop food and nutrition policies for the institution. They also counsel patients on healthy food choices, provide healthy eating resources for patients, participate in research about nutrition and health, and develop special eating plans for patients with specific diseases and disorders. Dietitians liaise with members of other health care professions such as pharmacy in treatment of diseases and disorders (e.g. bowel obstruction, TPN calculations).
CHECKPOINT Question TWO: Access the following websites to discover more information about the roles and responsibilities of health care professionals in Nursing, Respiratory, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Medical Radiation Technology and Dietary. What are the educational requirements? Are post-education examinations, fees, licensing available or required? Are career opportunities available on the website?
Nursing
Ontario nursing is a profession comprised of 2 categories, namely Registered Nurse (RN) and Registered Practical Nurse (RPN). Both are accountable for their own decisions and actions and for maintaining their competence. However, the foundational knowledge base of RNs and RPNs is different therefore they are educated separately. Although Personal Support Workers (PSW) may be referred to as "nurses" or being in the nursing profession, they are currently NOT regulated under the College of Nurses of Ontario. In fact, the regulation of PSWs is currently a matter of debate.
Practical Nurse (PN)
Following a 2 year Diploma program, typically at a community college, graduates are eligible to write the Registered Practical Nurse Examination in Ontario. Successful completion will be rewarded by an RPN designation. RPNs work in many settings including, health centres, long term care, hospitals, schools and community services (e.g. Home Care). RPNs can independently meet identified care needs of less complex clients who are expected to have predictable outcomes. The care provided by this group of nursing professionals is focused on meeting immediate client needs using a nursing process or theory. They are trained to identify or recognize if an abnormal or unusual client response is witnessed in which case the appropriate health care professional would be consulted. RPNs may be involved in providing care for highly complex clients in collaboration with an RN who directs the care.
Registered Nurse (RN)
Only 4 year Degree programs are currently available; some of which are collaborative college/university programs providing the first 2 years in a college environment (e.g. Fanshawe College) and the final 2 years at a university (e.g. Western). There are a broader range of career opportunities for RNs as well as the possibility of graduate or post-graduate study. Most provinces require a baccalaureate in nursing (BN or BScN) to enter the profession. RNs are trained to meet a wide range of care needs of clients regardless of complexity and predictability. They are expected to analyze and synthesize a wide range of information. RNs performs holistic assessments of clients to identify the complexity and to establish a plan of care. They interpret, analyze and solve problems related to patient care. The RN evaluates overall client outcomes and acts as the coordinator of care for complex clients.
Nurse Practitioner (NP)
A Nurse Practitioner is an advanced practice nurse who is focused on providing services to manage the health needs of individuals, families, groups and communities. This designation requires the completion of a graduate degree (Masters). Their role complements rather than replaces other health care providers. NPs diagnose and treat disease as well as having the ability to prescribe medications. They work autonomously by initiating the care process and monitoring health outcomes. Provincial and Territorial nursing regulatory bodies are responsible for the regulation of RPNs, RNs and NPs (see CNO). RNs who demonstrate competencies for NP practice and meet regulatory requirements may use the NP title (following attainment of a Masters Degree in Nursing).
Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)
A Registered Nurse who holds a Master’s degree or Doctoral degree in Nursing (i.e. NP) with expertise in a clinical nursing specialty is deemed a Clinical Nurse Specialist. This is an advanced nursing practice role in which the CNS assists in providing solutions for complex health care issues at all levels – with patients, families, other disciplines, administrators, and policy-makers. A CNS provides clinical leadership by acting as a resource, facilitator, coordinator, role model and advocate for others. The NP component integrates into the CNS practice elements such as diagnosing and treating health problems and prescribing drugs
Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT)
In order to qualify to be a Registered Respiratory Therapist, candidates must first complete either a 3 year College or institute of technology program or a 4 year University degree. National registration exams are provided by Canadian Board for Respiratory Care. Successful candidates earn an RRT credential. RRTs assist with the diagnosis and treatment of lung disorders, maintain open airways in trauma, intensive care, and surgery, assist in CPR and supportive care, assist in high risk births, stabilize high risk patients in an air or ground ambulance and assist anesthesiologists in the OR. RRTs also administer inhaled drugs (e.g. Advair for COPD) and medical gases (e.g. oxygen for emphysema) and conduct tests to measure lung function for patients suffering from lung diseases. Many RRTs work in a hospital environment (e.g. neonatal, OR, ICU, ER and general medicine) or Home Care.
Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT)
MLTs work in hospitals and private labs. College diploma programs are typically 3 years in length. MLTs work independently but are an essential part of the Health Care team. MLTs conduct sophisticated lab tests to help diagnose and treat disease. There are thousands of different tests that MLTs may be expected to perform with the help of modern technology. Examples of tests that may be performed by a MLT are listed by category below.
Clinical Chemistry - e.g. Tests blood and body fluids to detect chemicals, hormones and/or drugs; Tests blood glucose (sugar test) to diagnose and monitor diabetes
Clinical Microbiology - e.g. Tests blood, body fluid and/or tissue samples to detect bacteria, fungi, viruses &/or parasites; Throat swab test to detect strep throat
Hematology - e.g. Tests to measure blood cells and to detect disease and/or disorders of the blood; Hemoglobin test to detect anemia
Transfusion Science - e.g. Blood typing and blood compatibility tests; Cross-matches blood for blood transfusions
Histology -e.g. Prepare sample tissues for tests to detect disease; Biopsies of breast lumps
Diagnostic Cytology - e.g. Tests on cells taken from the body to detect cancer; Pap test to detect cervical cancer
Clinical Genetics - e.g. Chromosomes, DNA and RNA from cells of body fluids and tissues, to diagnose genetic diseases; Amniocentesis - aids in diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, genetic defects (diseases/disorders), sex (for sex-linked defects) and assess lung maturity
Physiotherapists (PT)
Physiotherapists must first attain an undergraduate degree at a University before applying to the Master’s Degree program. PTs help patients to achieve their highest level of physical functioning by providing personalized treatment plan needs (e.g. using SOAP notes). Specialties include Acupuncture, Cardiorespiratory, Gerontology, Neurosciences, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Leadership, Research, Sport Physiotherapy and Women’s Health as examples. Physiotherapy involves assessment of movement, strength, endurance and other physical abilities/capabilities, the impact of an injury or disability on physical functioning and the patient's physical preparation for return to work and sports. Physiotherapists provide program planning and education to restore movement and reduce pain as well as individualized treatment of an injury or disability based on scientific knowledge, a thorough assessment of the condition, environmental factors, and lifestyle of the patient.
Occupational Therapist (OT)
Occupational Therapists enable people to lead productive, independent and satisfying lives by assisting in self-care (e.g. providing aids for patients to perform Activities of Daily living - dressing, eating, shopping, etc.). OTs plan and provide activities for patients to practice with the goal of being able to work or enjoy free time as best as possible. OTs require a University undergraduate and a Master’s Degree. They must complete thousands of hours of supervised fieldwork and then pass a certification examination. OTs are Registered with the provincial regulatory body. They may work in a variety of settings including hospitals, rehabilitation centres, nursing home and mental health centres. OTs assess: Physical abilities (e.g. strength, coordination, balance), Mental abilities (e.g. memory, organization and coping skills), Support available at home, and the Physical set-up of the patient's home, work, and/or school. They determine specific ways to improve patient abilities and teach new ways of doing things (e.g. dressing or cooking) or ways to improve memory. OTs engage patients in activities to help maintain or improve abilities, strength or confidence and suggest ways of adapting material or equipment for use (e.g. toilet or bath seats)
OTA - PTA
Community and private colleges offer Occupational Therapy Assistant programs often combined with a Physical Therapy Assistant program. College programs may instead be called Rehabilitative Assistant. OTA-PTA graduates assist the PT or OT who delegate tasks.
Medical Radiation Technology
Members of the Medical Radiation Technology profession work under supervision of a Radiologist who is a medical doctor with a specialty in radiology. There are four specialties in this field. Namely, Radiological (X-ray) Technologists, Radiation Therapists, Nuclear Medicine Technologists and Magnetic Resonance Technologists.
Radiological Technologist
Radiological Technologists must complete a 3 year College or Institute of Technology diploma program. Further completion of a certification examination will allow the use of the title RTR (Registered Technologist, Radiological Technology). RTRs comprise approximately 80% of 10,000 members of Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists. Practice involves a broad variety of procedures/specialties including plain film radiological technology (X-rays), Mammography, Angiography, Fluoroscopy (real time images that show movement), and Computerized tomography (CT scans showing detailed cross-sectional images of the body). RTRs produce images of a body part or system using equipment that emit x-rays, explain procedure to patients, answer questions as fully as possible, provide emotional support, position patients and equipment correctly, ensure protection from radiation and monitor patients during procedures. RTRs also assist the Radiologist with angiographs/procedures and operating the radiological equipment. They are responsible for the quality of the X-ray images and for providing the correct view of specific body structures or systems. Some procedures require that barium and/or a dye called contrast medium be given to patients to highlight organs and structures not otherwise able to be seen. [Radiologist studies the images and dispenses advice that helps the treating physician make a diagnosis and prescribe an appropriate course of treatment]
Radiation Therapists
Radiation Therapists must complete a 3 year full time diploma/degree program following at least 1 full year of University education (i.e. it is a 2nd year entry program). Successful completion of certification gleans the designation Registered Radiation Therapist (RRT). RRTs are members of the cancer treatment team. More than half of all cancer patients receive radiation treatments which may be given in addition to other forms of treatment (e.g. chemotherapy). RRTs use focused beams of radiation to destroy tumours while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. Treatment may involve placing radioactive sources directly in the patient’s body. Radiation for cancer treatment purposes involves exposure to higher doses of radiation than diagnostic imaging.
Nuclear Medicine Technologist
Nuclear Medicine Technologists must also complete a 3 year diploma program following at least 1 year of University (i.e. it is a 2nd year entry program). Completion of the program allows graduates to write a certification exam and use the designation of RTNM. RTNMs use Radioactive drugs (Tracers) that concentrate in specific organs when introduced into the bloodstream. The Tracer emits radiation and a special detector (gamma camera) collects the data. A computer then processes that data and produces images of the organ from different angles. Cross sectional images Images appear on a monitor, as a photograph or a computer printout. RTNMs carry out diagnostic imaging and some treatment procedures. The images produced help pinpoint the nature of a disease and how it is affecting the body. For example evaluating coronary disease, studying how the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys and other organs are functioning, determining the location of tumours, monitoring the progression of cancer and the results of cancer treatments, and diagnosing hormonal disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Technologist
Magnetic Resonance Technology is a 2 -year post graduate program delivered in different formats (e.g. college, private institution, co-op). Registration as an Imaging Technologist is required for admission to the program. Successful completion of the certification exam permits use of “RTMR” designation. The RTMR uses magnetism, radio waves and computers to acquire images. The images (Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines) are used for such purposes as studying the cardiovascular system, detecting tumours (esp. in the brain and spinal column), studying body chemistry and functions, and imaging soft tissues (e.g. muscles, tendons or arteries). MRIs do not involve the use of ionizing radiation therefore no radiation protection is required. However, patients must remove any metal objects which could be drawn to the powerful magnet in the machine. Patients with pacemakers (metallic implants) cannot undergo magnetic resonance scans due to possible damage to device. A major problem for patients due to the confines of the machine and the sometimes lengthy time involved is Claustrophobia. RTMRs are trained to help patients deal with this problem.
Dietitian versus Nutritionist
Dietitians and Nutritionists both possess an in-depth knowledge of food and human nutrition. They also possess the knowledge, skills and judgment to integrate, translate and apply the knowledge of food, nutrition, social sciences and management theory. Both groups of individuals may create strategies to enable clients to achieve their food and nutrition related goals. However, a Dietitian is a member of a regulated profession whereas a Nutritionist is not.
Registered Dietitian (RD)
Both the title of “Professional Dietitian” and “Dietitian” are protected by provincial legislation. Candidates must first attain a Bachelor’s degree in Food and Nutrition. Many Dietitians choose to pursue further education by earning a Master’s Degree. Registered Dietitians are accountable for their conduct and the care provided whereas the term “Nutritionist” is NOT protected by law in all provinces. Typically Dietitians working in a hospital or health care institution will have a job title that uses the term “Dietitian.” Dietitians manage and ensure the quality of food service in health institutions, provide information that allows decisions to be made on the dietetic services at the institution, and develop food and nutrition policies for the institution. They also counsel patients on healthy food choices, provide healthy eating resources for patients, participate in research about nutrition and health, and develop special eating plans for patients with specific diseases and disorders. Dietitians liaise with members of other health care professions such as pharmacy in treatment of diseases and disorders (e.g. bowel obstruction, TPN calculations).
CHECKPOINT Question TWO: Access the following websites to discover more information about the roles and responsibilities of health care professionals in Nursing, Respiratory, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Medical Radiation Technology and Dietary. What are the educational requirements? Are post-education examinations, fees, licensing available or required? Are career opportunities available on the website?